MARIA MARTINEZ-ORDAZ
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Publications

español
Some of my collaborators have been: Moisés Macías-Bustos, Michele Friend,
​Luis Estrada-González, Gabrielle Ramos-García, Josafat I. Hernández, and 
Dubian Cañas. 
​Check out their amazing work!

EDITED COLLECTIONs

IN ENGLISH
  • [Under contract] From Contradiction to Defectiveness to Pluralism in Science: Philosophical and Formal Analyses
    (with Otávio Bueno) (eds) -Synthese Library. Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science.
  • Open access. Beyond Toleration? Inconsistency and Pluralism in the Empirical Sciences​  
    (with Luis Estrada-González) Special issue of Humana.Mente Journal of Philosophical Studies, Issue 32 - August 2017.
--------------
IN SPANISH
  • Open access. S.I. Visiones estructuralistas sobre la ciencia: Reflexiones en torno a la obra de Adolfo García de la Sienra Guajardo
    ​(with Alejandro Vázquez del Mercado Hernandez) Special issue of Revista Stoa, Universidad Veracruzana. 2023.
  • Perspectivas y horizontes de la filosofía de la ciencia
    ​(with Blanca M. Cárdenas Carrión) Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM. 2022

REFEREED ARTICLES​

[14] "Recalcitrant Anomalies, Ignorance, Insights, and Understanding:  A Structuralist Approach"
(with Moisés Macías-Bustos)
In: 
 A.I. Mărăşoiu and M. Dumitru (Eds) Understanding and Conscious Experience: Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives, Routledge.
 SC UNDERSTANDING * STRUCTURALISM* IGNORANCE  
[Preprint] [Paper]

[13] "Understanding Defective Theories: The Case of Quantum Mechanics and Non-individuality"
(second author| with Moisés Macías-Bustos) 
 In: Arenhart, J.R.B., Arroyo, R.W. (eds) Non-Reflexive Logics, Non-Individuals, and the Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics.
Synthese Library, vol 476. Springer, Cham.
DEFECTIVE DATA  *  SC UNDERSTANDING *   META-METAPHYSICS   *  QM
[Preprint] [Paper]

[12]
Open access. "What the Beauty of Images Exemplifies: Considerations about Scientific Images and Understanding"
in Teorema: Revista internacional de filosofía, Volume XLII/1. 
Winner of the 'Teorema Essay Prize for Young Scholars 2022'
 SC UNDERSTANDING * BIG DATA  *  AESTHETIC VALUES  
[Paper]

[11] "Scientific understanding through big data: From ignorance to insights to understanding"
in Possibility Studies & Society, Volume 1, Issue 3. Free access.
 SC UNDERSTANDING * BIG DATA   * IGNORANCE  *   DEFECTIVE DATA  
[Preprint] [Paper]

[10] “A Methodological Shift in Favor of (Some) Paraconsistency in the Sciences"
in Logica Universalis (2022) 16: 335–354.
Winner of the ‘Mexican Academy of Logic (AML) Logic Prize 2021’.
INCONSISTENCY* IGNORANCE  *   PARACONSISTENCY
[Preprint]  [Paper]

[9]  “Is there anything special about the ignorance involved in Big Data practices?”
in Lundgren, B. L.. and N. Nuñez-Hernández (Eds.) Philosophy of Computing, Philosophical Studies Series,
Vol. 143. (2022).

IGNORANCE  *   DEFECTIVE DATA  *   SC UNDERSTANDING   *  BIG DATA    
[Preprint] [Paper]

[8] Open access. "Is Christ really contradictory? Some methodological concerns from the philosophy of science" 
in 
Manuscrito, 2021. 
INCONSISTENCY  *  IGNORANCE     
[Paper]

[7] "The ignorance behind inconsistency toleration"
​in S.I. Knowing the Unknown Synthese. 2020.

IGNORANCE  *  INCONSISTENCY
[Paper]     [Preprint]

[6] Open access. "Inconsistency toleration in the social sciences: Contradictions between theory and observation in economics" (in Spanish)
(first author | with Josafat Iván Hernández-Cervantes)
in Perspectiva Filosofica (47) 2. 2020.

INCONSISTENCY
[Paper]

[5] Open access. “Are you a selective-realist dialetheist without knowing it?” 
Revista Colombiana de Filosofía de la Ciencia  19(38). 2019. Open access.
SC REALISM  *   INCONSISTENCY   *    HPS
[Paper]

[4] ​“Keeping Globally Inconsistent Scientific Theories Locally Consistent” 
( with Michéle Friend)  In: Carnielli W., Malinowski J. (eds)
Contradictions, from Consistency to Inconsistency. Trends in Logic
(Studia Logica Library), vol 47. Springer; pp 53-88, 2018.

DEFECTIVE DATA  *   INCONSISTENCY
[Paper]

[3] “The possibility and fruitfulness of a debate on the principle of non-contradiction”
(second author | Joint with Luis Estrada- González) 

In: Carnielli W., Malinowski J. (eds) Contradictions, from Consistency to Inconsistency.
​Trends in Logic (Studia Logica Library), vol 47. Springer; pp 33-51, 2018.

INCONSISTENCY   *   HISTORY OF LOGIC
[Paper]

[2] “May the Reinforcement Be with You: On the Reconstruction of Scientific Episodes”
(first author| Joint with Luis Estrada-González)  

Journal of the Philosophy of History 12 (2):259–283 (2018)  
HPS   *  DEFECTIVE DATA   *   INCONSISTENCY
[Paper] [Preprint]  

[1] Open access.“Holism, Inconsistency Toleration and Inconsistencies between Theory and Observation”
Humana Mente Journal of Philosophical Studies 32:117-147, 2017. Open access.

IGNORANCE *  INCONSISTENCY
[Paper]


​PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT

  • Guest Post
    (about what I think we could learn from the Brazilian academic community to make a better academic world), 
    Lógicas Brasileiras Blog
  • Interview with Tomasz Jarmuzek 
    The Reasoner, 16(1).
  • "Pascal's wager applied to COVID-19: ​Philosophical reflections about risk"
    (In Spanish) (with Gabrielle Ramos-García)
    Aion.mx, (51). [Most read AionMx-article in 2020]
  • ​"​Interview to Phillip Bricker"
    joint with Moisés Macías-Bustos
    ​The Reasoner, 14 (1).

​PEER-REVIEWED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 

[3] “Inconsistent Reasoning in the Sciences and Strategic-Logical Pluralism”
forthcoming in Southwest Philosophical Studies. Forthcoming.   
INCONSISTENCY

[Preprint]

[2]  "A modal reading of Newcomb's problem"
(Joint with Gabrielle Ramos-Garcia) (in Spanish)

[1] “The (in)consistency of the bernoullian infinitesimals” (in Spanish) (Second author | joint with Luis Estrada-González) en Fernando Macías Romero et al., (eds.), Memorias del Segundo Congreso Internacional de Matemáticas y sus Aplicaciones, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla: México, pp. 195-200, 2015.​
INCONSISTENCY

[Preprint]
[Translation to English  (by Claudia Tanus-Pimentel)]

​WORK IN PROGRESS

THE VALUE OF HISTORICALLY INACCURATE RECONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
ABSTRACT

The value of historically inaccurate reconstructions for the philosophy of science: Some reflections on understanding, exemplifying and reinforcing.

​
Here I propose that philosophers can still benefit (in a non-trivial way) from philosophically biased and historically inaccurate historical reconstructions. In particular, I argue that historical reconstructions, even if philosophically biased, can play another equally important role: to enhance our understanding of philosophical theses about science by clarifying some of their concepts or applications.


Handout
mAKING SENSE OF THE USE OF DEFECTIVE INFORMATION IN THE SCIENCES ​(With otávio bueno)
ABSTRACT

Although much current scientific practice makes use of big data and scientists have struggled to explain precisely how do big data and machine learning algorithms actually work, they still trust some significant chunks that these datasets contain.  Here we clarify how, from a reliabilist point of view, we can make sense of the continued trust placed by scientists in defective information consistently with ascribing rationality to them. We use a Partial Structures approach to explain that the methods that scientists use for working with extremely large data sets are trustworthy as they preserve (and increase) the  veracity of the information –even if scientists cannot disclose all the mechanisms of the methods that they use. We illustrate this with a case study from cosmology.
Understanding Defective Theories: The case of Quantum Mechanics and Non-Idividuality (with moisés macías-bustos)
ABSTRACT
​

Here, we deal with the question of under which circumstances can scientists achieve a legitimate understanding of defective theories qua defective. We claim that scientists understand a theory if they can recognize the theory’s underlying inference pattern(s) and if they can reconstruct and explain what is going on in specific cases of defective theories as well as consider what the theory would do if non-defective –even before finding ways of fixing it. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of this approach to understanding the metametaphysics of Quantum Mechanics, specifically with regard to Quasi-set theory.
We illustrate this by employing Quasi-set theory to structure a defective scientific theory and make possible the understanding of the theory.
A paper on scientific understanding and belief revision (with Tomasz Jarmużek )
Scientific understanding has been considered to be mainly composed by “knowledge about relations of dependence. When one understands something, one can make all kinds of correct inferences about it” (Ylikoski 2013: 100). And while everybody agrees on the value of understanding in scientific contexts there are still two main open question concerning its nature: (i) which is the epistemic commitment involved in understanding (cf. Gordon 2017), and (ii) which type of elements can figure into the understanding’s content. 

In the corresponding literature, (i) and (ii) have been largely addressed separately, as if they were, at least methodologically, independent. In this paper we propose to change the strategy by discussing the preservation of scientific understanding after belief revision as a phenomenon that requires (i) and (ii) to be treated together, and we contend that this will shed light on the general grounds of scientific understanding in a novel way. 

​
DISSERTATION

[Doctoral] Applications of Paraconsistent Tools in the Study of Tolerance towards Contradictions between Theory and Observation
Defended October 31, 2019.
Honorific Mention (runner up), Mexican Academy of Philosophy Dissertation Award, 2019.
​I have worked mainly in
​Inconsistency in science
​since 2014
​​My research aims at providing philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of inconsistency toleration in empirical sciences, specifically the toleration of inconsistencies between theory and observation. 

In order to do so, my research has focussed on different facets of the phenomenon of inconsistency toleration in the empirical sciences, some of which include:
  • The epistemological side: In particular, I have studied the role of ignorance when explaining the rational toleration of contradictions in the sciences.
  • The formal side: I have addressed the question: how can certain paraconsistent formal tools account for cases of inconsistency toleration in empirical sciences. In order to answer to such question, I have provided a detailed analysis of three cases on inconsistencies from the empirical sciences, and I confront such cases with three paraconsistent formal tools, namely, Chunk and Permeate, Partial Structures and Adaptive Logics.
  • The historical side: I have researched in detail four historical episodes that illustrate the toleration of contradictions between theory and observation.
(PHILOSOPHICAL) UNDERSTANDING ​+ HPS 
​​SINCE 2017
I’m primarily concerned with the possibility of achieving philosophical understanding in the philosophy of science --even if using defective (historical) information to support philosophical theses. I have focussed on the question What could be the value of historically inaccurate reconstructions for the philosophy of science? I have argued that philosophically-biased reconstructions, even if not historically accurate, can play a highly important epistemic role for the development of the philosophy of science, namely, to enhance our understanding of philosophical theses about science. ​​
UNDERSTANDING DEFECTIVE INFORMATION IN SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY
since 2019
​It is undeniable that scientific understanding is a fundamental component of any successful scientific enterprise; understanding a theory allows scientists to find new domains of application for it, and understanding an empirical domain makes it possible to build new theoretical approaches to that domain. Unfortunately, and despite the value of scientific understanding for the development of science, it is a phenomenon that still remains largely unexplored in the philosophical literature.

In particular, while much current scientific practice makes use of defective (partial, vague, conflictive, inconsistent, and false) information (cf. Arenhart, J. R. B. and Krause 2016; Bueno 1997, 1999, 2006, 2011, 2017, da Costa 2000; da Costa and French 2002, 2003; da Costa and Krause 2014; Priest 2002) philosophers of science have struggled to explain how, if possible, scientists can achieve understanding when using this type of information.

In this respect two main stories have been told. On the one hand, there have been those who characterize understanding as an epistemic achievement that comes only after having obtained explanatory knowledge; this type of understanding has received the name of explanatory understanding (cf. Kvanvig 2003; Grimm 2006, 2014; Morris 2012; Strevens 2013, 2017; Kelp 2014; Sliwa 2015; Lawler 2016, 2018). If understanding is essentially explanatory, it would be available only if the content of the scientist’s beliefs is true, and it would be impossible to achieve understanding via the use of defective (partial, vague, conflictive, inconsistent, and false) information. On the other hand, if scientific understanding is non-explanatory, it could be achieved through the use of defective information; and, although, according to this view, cases of explanatory understanding would be legitimate cases of understanding, they would not by so in virtue of the satisfaction of the factual condition of knowledge or the previous acquisition of causal knowledge (Pettit, 2002; Elgin 2004, 2007, 2017; De Regt y Dieks 2005; De Regt 2009, 2015; Khalifa 2013; De Regt and Gijsbers 2017; Le Bihan 2017, Wilkenfeld 2017; Wilkenfeld, Plunkett, and Lombrozo 2018).

​
My working hypothesis is that scientific understanding is an extremely complex phenomenon that encompasses a range of types of understanding that include explanatory understanding (under some circumstances) as well as non-explanatory understanding (under different circumstances).

Through my research, I will propose a model of scientific understanding that recognizes different types and degrees of understanding, some of which, I argue, are achievable through the use of defective information. In parallel, I will seek to extend the results of this research to cases of philosophy of science; this will shed light on both scientific understanding and philosophical understanding.

I will explore the possibility of relating different types of defects (partiality, vagueness, conflict, inconsistency and falsehood) to different degrees and types of understanding. The novelty of such an exploration would be that, even if non-explanatory understanding has been strongly advocated by epistemologists of science, the view still lacks a fine-grained analysis of the different ways in which understanding is available for the epistemic agents although the necessary conditions for explanation remain unsatisfied. My proposal consists in providing such a more fine-grained analysis.
María del Rosario Martínez-Ordaz:  φ of Science & φLogic
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